See cidade on Wiktionary
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Galician\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gl\" }\" data-lang=\"gl\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cidá",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cividade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Subidá",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ci",
"da",
"de"
]
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "A Cidá"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "A Cividá"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Ciadella"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "Cidadelle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
26
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
28,
32
]
],
"english": "He was never a lover of the city.",
"text": "Nunca foi amante da cidade.",
"translation": "He was never a lover of the city.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"id": "en-cidade-gl-noun-EaYsI0Er",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "6 94",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "7 93",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "3 97",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "2 35 30 30 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 10 44 44 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"hill-fort, or other Roman or Iron Age ruins"
],
"id": "en-cidade-gl-noun-excewx8n",
"links": [
[
"hill-fort",
"hill-fort"
],
[
"Roman",
"Roman"
],
[
"Iron Age",
"Iron Age"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(toponymical) hill-fort, or other Roman or Iron Age ruins"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θiˈdade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[θiˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/θiˈdade/",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[θiˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈdade/",
"note": "seseo"
},
{
"ipa": "[siˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]",
"note": "seseo"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"ciubdad",
"ciubdad#Old_Leonese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "roa-ole",
"3": "ciubdad"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese ciubdad",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "la",
"3": "civitas",
"4": "cīvitātem"
},
"expansion": "Latin cīvitātem",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Leonese ciubdad, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "mwl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Mirandese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 35 30 30 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 8 45 45 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 10 44 44 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"id": "en-cidade-mwl-noun-EaYsI0Er",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cidade"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cidade"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:civitas<alt:cīvitātem>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" }\" data-lang=\"roa-opt\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:civitas<alt:cīvitātem>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "çibdade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "cidades",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"g": "f",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "roa-opt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Old Galician-Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "2 35 30 30 2 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages using etymon with no ID",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 8 45 45 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "0 10 44 44 0 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 16 9 73 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "1 11 8 80 1 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cidadão"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This […] is how Holy Mary defended the city of Caesaria from the Emperor Julian.",
"ref": "a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de Toledo, cantiga 15 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/To/bob032small.gif] facsimile])",
"text": "Eſta […] é como ſãta m[aria] defẽdeu a cidade de ceſaira do emperador iuyão.",
"translation": "This […] is how Holy Mary defended the city of Caesaria from the Emperor Julian."
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"id": "en-cidade-roa-opt-noun-EaYsI0Er",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/t͡siˈda.de/"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidade-berço"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "bedroom community",
"translation": "bedroom community",
"word": "cidade-dormitório"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"topics": [
"state",
"city",
"cities",
"region",
"location"
],
"word": "cidade-estado"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "ghost town",
"translation": "ghost town",
"word": "cidade-fantasma"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidade-gueto"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "garden city",
"translation": "garden city",
"word": "cidade-jardim"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidade-mãe"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "museum city",
"translation": "museum city",
"word": "cidade-museu"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidade-satélite"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidade-sede"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"english": "university city",
"translation": "university city",
"word": "cidade-universitária"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"word": "cidadezinha"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pt\" }\" data-lang=\"pt\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ci",
"da",
"de"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "aldeia"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "arraial"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "povoado"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0",
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vila"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese terms with collocations",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"english": "hometown",
"tags": [
"collocation"
],
"text": "cidade natal",
"translation": "hometown",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city, town"
],
"id": "en-cidade-pt-noun-buP~kWBn",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"town",
"town"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with etymon",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "50 50",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city life, urban life"
],
"id": "en-cidade-pt-noun-kifx6UBH",
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.d͡ʒi/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.dɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[siˈða.ðɨ]",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.dɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q5146 (por)-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav.mp3",
"note": "Porto",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ad͡ʒi"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Portugal) -adɨ"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"categories": [
"Galician countable nouns",
"Galician entries with etymology texts",
"Galician entries with etymology trees",
"Galician entries with etymon",
"Galician entries with incorrect language header",
"Galician feminine nouns",
"Galician lemmas",
"Galician nouns",
"Galician terms derived from Latin",
"Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Galician terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Galician terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱey-",
"Galician terms inherited from Latin",
"Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Galician terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Rhymes:Galician/ade",
"Rhymes:Galician/ade/3 syllables"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Galician\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"gl\" }\" data-lang=\"gl\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "gl",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nGalician cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "Cidá",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Cividade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
},
{
"form": "Subidá",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "gl-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ci",
"da",
"de"
]
}
],
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "A Cidá"
},
{
"word": "A Cividá"
},
{
"word": "Ciadella"
},
{
"word": "Cidadelle"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Galician terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
20,
26
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
28,
32
]
],
"english": "He was never a lover of the city.",
"text": "Nunca foi amante da cidade.",
"translation": "He was never a lover of the city.",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"hill-fort, or other Roman or Iron Age ruins"
],
"links": [
[
"hill-fort",
"hill-fort"
],
[
"Roman",
"Roman"
],
[
"Iron Age",
"Iron Age"
],
[
"ruin",
"ruin"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(toponymical) hill-fort, or other Roman or Iron Age ruins"
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/θiˈdade/"
},
{
"ipa": "[θiˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]"
},
{
"ipa": "/θiˈdade/",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[θiˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]",
"tags": [
"standard"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈdade/",
"note": "seseo"
},
{
"ipa": "[siˈð̞a.ð̞ɪ]",
"note": "seseo"
},
{
"rhymes": "-ade"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"ciubdad",
"ciubdad#Old_Leonese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "roa-ole",
"3": "ciubdad"
},
"expansion": "Old Leonese ciubdad",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "mwl",
"2": "la",
"3": "civitas",
"4": "cīvitātem"
},
"expansion": "Latin cīvitātem",
"name": "inh"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Old Leonese ciubdad, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "mwl-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Mirandese",
"lang_code": "mwl",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Mirandese countable nouns",
"Mirandese entries with incorrect language header",
"Mirandese feminine nouns",
"Mirandese lemmas",
"Mirandese nouns",
"Mirandese terms derived from Latin",
"Mirandese terms derived from Old Leonese",
"Mirandese terms inherited from Latin",
"Mirandese terms inherited from Old Leonese",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cidadão"
}
],
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Galician",
"lang_code": "gl",
"word": "cidade"
},
{
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"word": "cidade"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:civitas<alt:cīvitātem>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" }\" data-lang=\"roa-opt\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "la:civitas<alt:cīvitātem>",
"text": "+",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nInherited from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "çibdade",
"tags": [
"alternative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "roa-opt",
"2": "noun",
"3": "plural",
"4": "cidades",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"cat2": "",
"cat3": "",
"g": "f",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "roa-opt-noun"
}
],
"lang": "Old Galician-Portuguese",
"lang_code": "roa-opt",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"Old Galician-Portuguese entries with etymon",
"Old Galician-Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Old Galician-Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Old Galician-Portuguese lemmas",
"Old Galician-Portuguese nouns",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱey-",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms inherited from Latin",
"Old Galician-Portuguese terms with quotations",
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon"
],
"examples": [
{
"english": "This […] is how Holy Mary defended the city of Caesaria from the Emperor Julian.",
"ref": "a. 1284, Alfonso X of Castile, Cantigas de Santa Maria, Códice de Toledo, cantiga 15 ([[http://www.pbm.com/~lindahl/cantigas/facsimiles/To/bob032small.gif] facsimile])",
"text": "Eſta […] é como ſãta m[aria] defẽdeu a cidade de ceſaira do emperador iuyão.",
"translation": "This […] is how Holy Mary defended the city of Caesaria from the Emperor Julian."
}
],
"glosses": [
"city"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/t͡siˈda.de/"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages using etymon with no ID",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"Pages with etymology trees",
"Pages with etymon",
"Portuguese 3-syllable words",
"Portuguese countable nouns",
"Portuguese entries with etymology texts",
"Portuguese entries with etymology trees",
"Portuguese entries with etymon",
"Portuguese entries with incorrect language header",
"Portuguese feminine nouns",
"Portuguese lemmas",
"Portuguese nouns",
"Portuguese terms derived from Latin",
"Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Italic",
"Portuguese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *ḱey-",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Latin",
"Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese",
"Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/adɨ",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/adɨ/3 syllables",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ad͡ʒi",
"Rhymes:Portuguese/ad͡ʒi/3 syllables"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "cidade-berço"
},
{
"english": "bedroom community",
"translation": "bedroom community",
"word": "cidade-dormitório"
},
{
"topics": [
"state",
"city",
"cities",
"region",
"location"
],
"word": "cidade-estado"
},
{
"english": "ghost town",
"translation": "ghost town",
"word": "cidade-fantasma"
},
{
"word": "cidade-gueto"
},
{
"english": "garden city",
"translation": "garden city",
"word": "cidade-jardim"
},
{
"word": "cidade-mãe"
},
{
"english": "museum city",
"translation": "museum city",
"word": "cidade-museu"
},
{
"word": "cidade-satélite"
},
{
"word": "cidade-sede"
},
{
"english": "university city",
"translation": "university city",
"word": "cidade-universitária"
},
{
"word": "cidadezinha"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*ḱey-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ḱey-"
],
[
"*keiwis",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Italic/keiwis"
],
[
"ceivis",
"ceivis#Latin"
],
[
"-tās",
"-tas#Latin"
],
[
"ceivitās",
"ceivitas#Latin"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cidade",
"cidade#Old_Galician-Portuguese"
],
[
"cīvitātem",
"civitas#Latin"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\n[Appendix:Glossary#derived_terms|Derived]] from\", \"terms\" : [ { \"gloss\" : \"to settle, be lying down\", \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Indo-European\", \"term\" : \"*ḱey-\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"ine-pro\" } ], \"keyword\" : \"derived\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Proto-Italic\", \"term\" : \"*keiwis\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"itc-pro\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivis\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" }, { \"children\" : [ ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"-tās\", \"status\" : \"ambiguous\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"is_group\" : true, \"keyword\" : \"affix\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"ceivitās\", \"status\" : \"inline\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"From\", \"keyword\" : \"from\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Latin\", \"term\" : \"civitas\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"la\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Old Galician-Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"roa-opt\" } ], \"keyword_label\" : \"Inherited from\", \"keyword\" : \"inherited\" } ], \"lang_name\" : \"Portuguese\", \"term\" : \"cidade\", \"status\" : \"ok\", \"lang\" : \"pt\" }\" data-lang=\"pt\" data-title=\"cidade\">\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "pt",
"2": ":inh",
"3": "roa-opt:cidade",
"text": "2",
"tree": "1"
},
"expansion": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"name": "ety"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ḱey-der.\nProto-Italic *keiwis\nLatin ceivis\nLatin -tās\nLatin ceivitās\nLatin cīvitātem\nOld Galician-Portuguese cidade\nPortuguese cidade\nInherited from Old Galician-Portuguese cidade, from Latin cīvitātem.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "cidades",
"tags": [
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "f"
},
"expansion": "cidade f (plural cidades)",
"name": "pt-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"ci",
"da",
"de"
]
}
],
"lang": "Portuguese",
"lang_code": "pt",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "aldeia"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "arraial"
},
{
"tags": [
"masculine"
],
"word": "povoado"
},
{
"tags": [
"feminine"
],
"word": "vila"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Portuguese terms with collocations"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
4,
8
]
],
"english": "hometown",
"tags": [
"collocation"
],
"text": "cidade natal",
"translation": "hometown",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"city, town"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
],
[
"town",
"town"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"city life, urban life"
],
"links": [
[
"city",
"city"
]
],
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.d͡ʒi/",
"tags": [
"Brazil"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.dɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "[siˈða.ðɨ]",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"ipa": "/siˈda.dɨ/",
"tags": [
"Portugal",
"Southern"
]
},
{
"audio": "LL-Q5146 (por)-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav.mp3",
"note": "Porto",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/92/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav/LL-Q5146_%28por%29-Santamarcanda-cidade.wav.ogg",
"tags": [
"Portugal"
]
},
{
"rhymes": "(Brazil) -ad͡ʒi"
},
{
"rhymes": "(Portugal) -adɨ"
}
],
"word": "cidade"
}
Download raw JSONL data for cidade meaning in All languages combined (16.9kB)
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: toponymical",
"path": [
"cidade"
],
"section": "Galician",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cidade",
"trace": ""
}
{
"called_from": "form_descriptions/1831",
"msg": "unrecognized sense qualifier: toponymical",
"path": [
"cidade"
],
"section": "Galician",
"subsection": "noun",
"title": "cidade",
"trace": ""
}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-25 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-10-01 using wiktextract (f9fe161 and 6f96ddf). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.